Asking whether American schools have become increasingly punitive, Katherine Irwin, Janet Davidson, and Amanda Hall-Sanchez analyzed a large sample of middle and secondary schools and found important differences based on the race and class composition of schools. Schools with higher rates of ethnic minority enrollment were more likely to rely on campus law enforcement and security personnel while schools with higher rates of student poverty were more likely to report crime to the police. Their article in Critical Criminology reports no general upward trend in school punishment and finds, surprisingly, that predominantly white schools were the most likely to report crime to the police.